Onion is one of the main vegetable crops in the world and each year different local and foreign genotypes of onions are grown in Iran. Because of many morphological, physiological, cultural and biological differences among these genotypes and their interaction with environmental factors, studies of various onion traits are useful for solving problems related to onion growing in Iran. The results of researches showed that landraces and cultivars have high genetic diversity in relation to vegetative characteristics, yield, and bulb quality. Also, there are high correlations between some of these characteristics that are important for easy selection in breeding programs. The results of breeding researches showed that average yield of polycrossed genotypes is higher than inbred genotypes. Average bolting was higher in seed sowing and lower in seedling transplanting. From various irrigation methods, drip irrigation was better than furrow and basin irrigation in crop production. Use of organic manure increased yield, but the extent of yield increase depended on the chemical composition of the manures and their effects on the physical and chemical properties of the soil. Storage of onion is a way of controlling onion prices. Storage period is related to the number of tunics, the amount of tunic's adherence to scales, the diameter of onion neck and percentage of dry matter.

IntroductionThe urban landscape is part of the understandable objectivity of the reality of the existing space around people in the city. As a phenomenon, urban landscape cannot be assumed to have only subjective or objective dimensions. The connection between different methodological components in different fields of landscape research is always necessary. The research aims to strengthen the necessary foundations of research in urban landscape with a holistic, comprehensive viewpoint by examining the components and layers that the onion model of urban landscape research includes. Therefore, a systematic review was applied of the articles conducted in the field of urban landscape. The identification and analysis of the cases used in the majority of the research onions presented by Saunders et al. led to the urban landscape research onion through changes applied to this model. Researchers can choose their lines of research more accurately and faster using the research onion.Theoretical FrameworkSpecifically in the field of research methodology, a book entitled Research in Landscape Architecture: Methods and Methodology was published in 2017 by Routledge Publications. This book deals with the conflict between objectivists and subjectivists. It states that pragmatism is the only solution to this duality (Hashemizadegan, 2019: 55). In addition, many studies have been conducted with an emphasis on urban landscape and its relationship with other urban concepts. However, there has not been a comprehensive viewpoint on their methods and processes. The research onion (moving from the outer layers to the core) was developed by Saunders, Lewis, and Thornhill (2016) for business studies. It is widely used in social sciences to construct a theoretical framework for research. In various studies, the layers proposed in the research onion model have been modified and changed according to the field of study. The research onion consists of six main layers: research philosophy, approach to theory development, methodological choice, strategy, time horizons, and techniques and procedures including data collection and analysis (Melnikovas, 2018: 33; Sahay, 2016: 1).MethodologyAfter a search of article titles and keywords for the concept of urban landscape, more than 110 with more citations were selected. After a study of the article abstracts and other preliminary studies, 71 articles were selected, analyzed, and categorized using the qualitative method and content analysis. Finally, the research onion for each of the areas (the concept of urban landscape, visual evaluation of landscape, and visual management of landscape) was drawn and explained. Then Comprehensive research onion could use in landscape study and research compiled.Results and DiscussionThe research conducted in Iran in the field of visual management of landscape has generally been carried out at the macro scale (city), medium scale (watercourses and parks), and micro scale (streets). The survey research method and the descriptive-analytical approach have been adopted to investigate and analyze the current situation with the questionnaire tool. Many articles in the field of visual management have evaluated the visual aspects of landscape. Visual evaluation of the landscape is proposed as an independent concept in the field of landscape. In the field of evaluation, it is possible to become closer to people’s experience; therefore, quantitative methods, an experimental approach, a variety of techniques and analytical tools, such as visual protection levels, and Philip Thiel’s technique were used.The concept of urban landscape was addressed further with a view of the landscape as a whole. Aesthetic, critical, and semiotic theories were proposed as the theoretical support for the studies. The research process pursued in most of them is qualitative and analytical, and comparative, inductive, interpretive, and descriptive methods have been used therein. After choosing the desired method, the authors have used the Delphi technique, aerial photos, cluster analysis, systematic review, in-depth interview, review of narratives, photography, and collaborative mapping as data mining and data analysis tools. The model presented in this article involves an extra layer with respect to Saunders’s research onion model. The outer layer, which includes the ontology of the research, corresponds to the stage that specifies the researcher’s beliefs in the research process. The researcher must select their position from among the three categories of objectivist, structuralist, and subjectivist, as considered by Deming and Sowfield.A) The descriptive approach is added to the analogical inductive one proposed in Saunders’ research onion.B) In the strategy layer, experimental simulation and descriptive, correlational, hermeneutic, and analogical-adaptive analysis are added.C) In terms of time horizon, all studies are placed in one of the two categories of longitudinal and transverse research, and most of them are conducted with a longitudinal time horizon.D) Techniques and procedures are proposed in the central core of the urban landscape research onion. Research techniques are divided into two general categories with an emphasis on the opinions provided by experts: direct (by asking people) and indirect (through specialist analysis) (Karimi Moshaver, 2013; Tveit et al., 2006; Briggs & France, 1980).ConclusionThe urban landscape research onion model is composed of seven layers. It can be of different types according to the research problem, questions and objectives, choice of ontology, methodology, approach, strategy, and appropriate tool for analysis of the collected data. Given that most of the conducted studies applied various techniques, it is necessary to consider other layers of the research onion. This model attempted to provide a comprehensive overview of urban landscape research and introduce an integrated framework of the diverse, scattered types thereof. The model can help determine the paths of the research and avoid confusion and incorrect choices of analytical tools. The onion of urban landscape research can open the doors to researchers in the field. In future research, emphasis can be made on the specific concepts of landscape such as cultural landscape and vernacular landscape. On the other hand, similar research onion models in the field of urban landscape can be investigated with an emphasis on landscape scale (micro, medium, or macro).

The main purpose of present paper is the modeling of onion drying process and investigation of experimental data of onion drying obtained with using a hot air dryer. therefore some empirical and regression models have been considered to fit experimental data. The investigation of the experimental data shows the onion drying happens only in falling rate zone. The experimental data have been fitted with 12 emprical models and 74 regression models. The results showed that at 60, 70, 80 and 90, “Midilli-Kucuk” model is the best model. The results obtaine from regression model shows that the best model is 10th order polynomial. Overall, it can be concluded the best polynomial model is slightly better than the best empirical model.

Extended Abstract Introduction and Objectives: Within the field of research methodology, numerous frameworks have been designed to guide researchers in planning and conducting scientific inquiries. Among these, Saunders’ Research Onion is one of the most widely cited, conceptualizing the research process through layered stages that address philosophical assumptions, methodological approaches, and research strategies. This model assists researchers in systematically advancing their studies by considering different dimensions of research, including philosophy, approach, and strategies. However, in recent years, this framework has faced the need for development and revision due to methodological advancements and emerging criticisms. In response to the rising complexity of contemporary research and the growth of interdisciplinary methods, this study employs a scoping review to analyze recent methodological literature and introduces a new framework titled the Spider Web Research Model. The proposed model leverages the “subjective-to-objective” continuum in research methodology, enabling researchers to select the most appropriate methods based on the nature of their study and, if necessary, integrate multiple models effectively. This model consists of three main layers: the objective layer, the subjective layer, and the subjective-objective layer. The objective layer emphasizes measurable, quantitative data and employs precise, systematic scientific methods for data analysis. The subjective layer focuses on the interpretive and subjective dimensions of research, encouraging researchers to consider individuals’ subjective experiences alongside objective data. And the subjective-objective layer combines both approaches, offering a balanced perspective for complex research questions. A key distinction between the proposed model and Saunders’ Research Onion is its enhanced flexibility. While Saunders’ model primarily focuses on traditional methods, which may not fully address the needs of modern and interdisciplinary research, the Spider Web Model’s layered and integrative structure allows for greater adaptability to contemporary methodologies. This model is particularly beneficial for studies requiring multidimensional analysis and the integration of diverse perspectives, thereby improving the quality and accuracy of research outcomes. The present study demonstrates that the Spider Web Model can serve as a comprehensive methodological framework, either as a replacement or a complement to traditional models. By aligning with the specific requirements of each research question or hypothesis, this model significantly aids in the proper selection and application of research methods. Furthermore, it provides a structured yet flexible approach that can accommodate the evolving demands of modern research. Finally, it is recommended that future research further develop this model by incorporating additional layers and advanced data analysis techniques, while also evaluating its effectiveness and applicability across various research domains. Method: In this research, the scoping or rapid review method was used to explore key concepts of research methods and models, with the aim of finding primary sources and types of evidence, in accordance with the five-stage process presented by Arksey and O’Malley. Internal scientific and citation databases along with scientific search engines such as Google Scholar and Science Direct were examined over the past two decades (2004-2024). Using keywords related to research questions, review studies, and highly cited works, as well as employing Boolean or combinatorial operators and utilizing “backward searching” to review reference lists of relevant articles, each stage was guided by the PRISMA-ScR diagram (the enhanced PRISMA program for scoping reviews). In the process of reviewing and thoroughly examining the large number of retrieved articles, only those that addressed the research questions were selected for further analysis, and the unrelated articles were excluded. Finally, for recording and classifying the results, the selected studies were categorized into three groups: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods. Following the modified PRISMA systematic review process, a total of 25 studies were ultimately registered and classified for conducting the research. Results: Given the weaknesses of Saunders’ Research Onion, this study aims to address these shortcomings by presenting a Spider Web model, redesigning and expanding upon the original concept. The proposed Spider Web model establishes three layers as the foundation of its framework, arranged from the innermost to outermost layer (from core to external shells): Layer 1: Objective Layer-This layer emphasizes objective, measurable, and quantitative data. In this layer, researchers use precise and systematic scientific methods to collect and analyze data to achieve accuracy and objectivity in research results, allowing findings to be generalized to larger populations. This layer helps researchers present reliable and objective results that are useful for scientific and practical decision-making. Layer 2: Objective-Subjective Layer (Mixed)-This layer combines both objective and subjective approaches, allowing researchers to benefit from the advantages of both methodologies. Using this layer improves research methods by creating balance between depth and precision, enabling researchers to employ mixed methods and achieve a more comprehensive understanding of phenomena, especially for complex issues requiring multidimensional analysis and integration of different perspectives. Layer 3: Subjective Layer-This layer relates to the subjective and interpretive dimensions of research. In this layer, the researcher seeks deeper understanding of phenomena through experiences, beliefs, and perspectives of individuals. Using this layer helps researchers value subjective experiences of individuals rather than focusing solely on objective data. This layer is particularly important in social sciences and humanities research. Discussion and Conclusions: Saunders’ Research Onion model, as a comprehensive methodological framework, has been widely embraced in research literature. This model helps researchers make coherent decisions regarding philosophy, approach, strategy, methods, and research techniques. However, this model also faces limitations that require development and completion. The present research, considering the complexities and diversity in scientific research, has presented a proposed Spider Web model and an evolutionary pattern by applying the Research Onion model, offering a diverse and combined model that can lead to improved quality and precision of results. This model, with greater flexibility and utilization of three layers-subjective, objective, and subjective-objective-can be used for a wide range of research studies. This proposed model helps researchers select the most appropriate methods according to the nature of their study and, if necessary, leverage combinations of different models. Despite efforts to comprehensively cover the suggestions presented in previous studies, the present research faces certain limitations. These include its complexity for novice researchers due to its layered and integrative structure, the need for thorough training and familiarity with concepts of mixed-method and interdisciplinary methodologies to effectively utilize this model, and the time-consuming nature of its implementation, which requires deep and multi-layered analyses.

In this study, qualitative land suitability evaluation was made for research station of East Azarbaijan, for tomato, potato, onion and bean. The study was done using Simple Limitation Method (SLM), Limitation Method regarding Number and Intensity (LMNI) and Parametric Methods (PM) such as the square root and the Storie methods. The results from different methods indicated that the most important limiting factors are Organic Matter (OM), salinity and sodicity and calcium carbonates, either alone or in combination. Evaluation indicated that the (SLM) and (LMNI) mainly show similar suitability classes, but Parametric methods especially square root method which it's results revealed to be more realistic show different suitability classes in many cases. According to the square root method, the area can be recommended as marginally suitable for cultivation of tomato and potato and expected to yield about 40-65% of optimal production.

This study aimed to investigate the disciplinary and cross-disciplinary variations of research article Introduction sections in 2 disciplines (i. e., humanities and basic sciences). Ninety research article Introduction sections (i. e., 15 from each discipline of applied linguistics, sociology, psychology, biology, agriculture, and geology) were examined. The study was conducted with reference to the onion model of discourse analysis developed by Humphrey and Economou (2015), and the data were coded by MAXQDA10. Results pointed to a general underlying pattern that moved from descriptive and taxonomic reports to more challenging genres like persuasion and critique, regardless of the disciplines. Findings, however, indicated that individual disciplines manifested their own systematic regularities in terms of rhetorical conventions of writing. Besides, the process of knowledge-making was reflected and reinforced through lexicogrammatical and appraisal resources. The study has implications both for teaching and materials development.

The uniqueness of futures studies epistemology, the nascent nature of transdisciplinary disciplines and the lack of literature in the field of its methodology, has led to a lack of proper integration in this field. For this reason, futures studies methodology, like the field itself, has undergone many changes in the last two decades. Due to this serious weakness, the present study seeks to examine the methodology and construction of a desirable and efficient research design tailored to the growing needs of futures studies to prevent confusion among researchers. Major scientific studies in the field of futures studies methodology focus on distinct methods and their implementation, While methodology in futures studies is not an end in itself, it is used to guide appropriate approaches to mapping reality, that is, the future. In this article, with a focus on descriptive-analytical methodology, a systematic study for the development of research methodology based on the research onion model is conducted and the relationship and adaptation of this model for future research are examined. The present article outlines and explains nine stages of methodological development and construction of a research design for future studies, which begins with the definition of a philosophical position and gradually leads to the construction of a research design.